How to Handle Dynamic Elements in Selenium?

Use explicit waits with `WebDriverWait`

Wait for element visibility before interacting

Wait for element clickability before clicking

Use `ExpectedConditions` for dynamic states

Re-locate elements after page updates

Avoid storing `WebElement` references for too long

Use stable locators like `id`, `name`, or `data-*`

Prefer CSS selectors or XPath with unique attributes

Use XPath functions like `contains()`, `starts-with()`, and `text()`

Handle AJAX-loaded content with waits

Use `findElements()` to check presence safely

Refresh or retry when elements become stale

Catch `StaleElementReferenceException`

Catch `NoSuchElementException`

Use fluent waits for variable load times

Set appropriate polling intervals

Scroll elements into view before action

Switch to frames or windows when needed

Handle dynamic tables by locating rows and cells at runtime

Use JavaScript executor when normal clicks fail

Verify element state before performing actions