Clear cache in Chrome:
Open Chrome
Press Ctrl+Shift+Delete (Windows/Linux) or Command+Shift+Delete (Mac)
Select “Cached images and files”
Choose a time range
Click “Clear data”
Clear cache in Firefox:
Open Firefox
Click the menu (three lines) → Settings
Go to Privacy & Security
Under Cookies and Site Data, click “Clear Data…”
Check “Cached Web Content”
Click “Clear”
Clear cache in Microsoft Edge:
Open Edge
Press Ctrl+Shift+Delete
Select “Cached images and files”
Choose a time range
Click “Clear now”
Clear cache in Safari (macOS):
Open Safari
Click Safari → Settings (or Preferences)
Go to Advanced
Enable “Show features for web developers”
Click Develop → Empty Caches
Clear cache in Safari (iOS/iPadOS):
Open Settings
Go to Safari
Tap “Clear History and Website Data”
Clear cache in Windows (app/browser-independent):
Open Run (Win+R)
Enter: %temp%
Delete contents of the Temp folder
Empty Recycle Bin
Clear DNS cache (Windows):
Open Command Prompt as Administrator
Run: ipconfig /flushdns
Clear DNS cache (macOS):
Open Terminal
Run: sudo dscacheutil -flushcache; sudo killall -HUP mDNSResponder
Clear DNS cache (Linux):
Restart the DNS caching service (varies by distro), e.g.:
systemctl restart systemd-resolved
or service nscd restart
or systemctl restart named (if applicable)