Use a laboratory metabolic test with graded exercise and gas analysis
Use a Cooper 12-minute run test and estimate from distance covered
Use a 1.5-mile run test and estimate from completion time
Use a beep test or shuttle run test and convert the final level to VO2 max
Use a step test and estimate from heart rate recovery
Use a treadmill or cycling field test with heart rate and workload data
Use a fitness watch or chest strap app that estimates VO2 max from pace, heart rate, and age
Use resting heart rate and exercise heart rate in validated prediction equations
Use the Rockport 1-mile walk test and estimate from time, heart rate, age, and weight
Use the Astrand-Ryhming cycle test and estimate from steady-state heart rate
Use the Bruce treadmill protocol and estimate from exercise duration
Use a submaximal treadmill or bike test with a prediction formula
Compare results with age- and sex-based VO2 max norms
Repeat the same test under similar conditions for more consistent estimates