Use `INDEX` to return a value from a range
Use `MATCH` to find the position of a lookup value in a range
Combine them as `=INDEX(return_range, MATCH(lookup_value, lookup_range, 0))`
Use `0` in `MATCH` for an exact match
Ensure `lookup_range` and `return_range` are the same size
Use `MATCH` alone to get the row or column position
Use `INDEX` alone to return a value by row and column number
For two-way lookup, use `=INDEX(data_range, MATCH(row_value, row_range, 0), MATCH(col_value, col_range, 0))`
Use `IFERROR` to handle missing matches
Use absolute references when copying formulas
Match lookup values and lookup ranges with the same data type
Sort is not required when using exact match with `MATCH`