Learn basic math: modular arithmetic, number theory, probability, and discrete math
Learn programming: Python, C/C++, or Rust
Study core security concepts: confidentiality, integrity, authentication, and non-repudiation
Understand classical cryptography: Caesar cipher, Vigenère cipher, and frequency analysis
Learn modern symmetric cryptography: block ciphers, stream ciphers, AES, and modes of operation
Learn hashing: SHA-2, SHA-3, and message authentication codes
Learn public-key cryptography: RSA, Diffie-Hellman, and elliptic curve cryptography
Study digital signatures and certificate systems
Learn protocol security: TLS, key exchange, and secure communication design
Practice with cryptography libraries instead of writing your own primitives
Read standard references, textbooks, and RFCs
Solve cryptography exercises and challenges
Analyze real-world protocols and vulnerabilities
Learn common attacks: brute force, birthday attack, chosen-plaintext attack, and side-channel attack
Study secure implementation practices and constant-time coding
Use trusted resources and follow current cryptographic standards
Build small projects using cryptography APIs
Review academic papers and security advisories
Test knowledge through CTFs and cryptography problem sets