Craft a map with 8 paper and 1 compass
Open the map and explore the area to fill it in
Craft more paper from sugar cane
Craft more empty maps as needed
Use a cartography table
Place the map in the cartography table
Add paper to zoom out the map
Repeat the paper upgrade to make the map cover a larger area
Use the upgraded map while exploring to fill the larger region
Create multiple adjacent maps for an even bigger mapped area
Place maps in item frames to combine them visually on a wall