Identify the cause: genetics, lack of sleep, allergies, dehydration, sun exposure, rubbing, pigmentation, or volume loss
Get adequate sleep consistently
Treat allergies and nasal congestion
Avoid rubbing the eyes
Use daily broad-spectrum sunscreen around the eyes
Apply a topical retinoid or retinol eye product if tolerated
Use vitamin C, niacinamide, caffeine, or azelaic acid products
Keep the under-eye area moisturized
Stay hydrated and reduce excess salt intake
Stop smoking and limit alcohol
Use cold compresses for temporary swelling and discoloration
Correct iron, vitamin B12, or folate deficiency if present
Consider prescription treatments for pigmentation if advised by a dermatologist
Consider chemical peels, laser treatment, microneedling, or radiofrequency for appropriate cases
Consider hyaluronic acid filler if dark circles are caused by tear trough hollowing
Consider lower eyelid surgery if excess skin or fat is the main cause
Maintain results with sun protection, skincare, and trigger control
Consult a dermatologist or oculoplastic surgeon for a personalized treatment plan