Count the number of protons in the atom
Count the number of electrons in the atom
Subtract electrons from protons
If protons > electrons, the atom has a positive charge
If electrons > protons, the atom has a negative charge
If protons = electrons, the atom is neutral
Use the formula: net charge = number of protons – number of electrons
For ions, the charge equals the difference between protons and electrons
Express the result in elementary charge units if needed, such as +1, -2, or 0