Use Newton’s second law: F = m × a
Multiply mass by acceleration
Measure mass in kilograms
Measure acceleration in meters per second squared
Use the formula F = G(m1m2) / r² for gravitational force
Use the formula F = kx for spring force
Use the formula F = qE for electric force
Use the formula F = BIL sinθ for magnetic force
Resolve forces into components if the force is at an angle
Add all force components to find the net force
Use a free-body diagram to identify all forces acting on an object