Obtain the stress-strain curve from a tensile test
Identify the elastic region of the curve
Locate the point where the curve first deviates from linearity
Use the...
Use the formula: Pressure = Force ÷ Area
Measure the force acting on the surface in newtons
Measure the contact area in square meters
Divide the force...
Identify all forces acting on the object
Choose a positive direction
Resolve forces into components if needed
Add forces in the same direction
Subtract forces in opposite directions
Sum...
The normal force is always perpendicular to the contact surface
It points away from the surface, pushing on the object
On a horizontal floor, it points...
Place the object on a surface
Increase the applied force gradually until the object just begins to move
Measure the maximum static friction force at the...
Velocity = displacement ÷ time
Use the formula v = Δx / Δt
Measure displacement in meters
Measure time in seconds
State direction with the value
Use units of...
Find the area under the velocity-time graph
Split the graph into simple shapes if needed
Calculate the area of each shape
Add areas above the time axis...
Draw a free-body diagram of the object
Identify all forces acting on the object
Choose a coordinate system
Apply Newton’s second law, (sum F = ma)
Write force...
Mechanical Advantage = Output Force ÷ Input Force
Identify the force applied to the machine
Identify the force produced by the machine
Divide output force by input...
Identify the maximum force applied parallel to the surface just before the object starts moving
Measure the normal force acting on the object
Use the formula...
Use the formula: change in momentum = final momentum - initial momentum
Write momentum as p = mv
Calculate initial momentum: p_i = m v_i
Calculate final...
Determine the weight of the object in air
Determine the apparent weight of the object when submerged in a fluid
Subtract the apparent weight from the...
Identify the object or system in question
Draw a free-body diagram
Locate all forces acting on the object
Determine the direction of the tension force
Apply Newton’s second...
Mechanical energy = kinetic energy + potential energy
Kinetic energy = 1/2 × mass × velocity²
Gravitational potential energy = mass × gravity × height
Elastic potential...
Distance = Speed × Time
Speed = Distance ÷ Time
Time = Distance ÷ Speed
Use consistent units
Convert units if needed
Distance in km or m
Time in hours...
Use the formula: (F_c = dfrac{mv^2}{r})
Identify the mass (m) in kilograms
Identify the speed (v) in meters per second
Identify the radius (r) in meters
Square the...
Use the formula ( KE = tfrac{1}{2}mv^2 )
Identify the mass (m)
Identify the velocity (v)
Convert mass to kilograms if needed
Convert velocity to meters per second...
Determine the object’s displacement
Measure the time taken
Divide displacement by time
Use the formula velocity = displacement ÷ time
Include direction for vector velocity
Use consistent units such...
Hang the spring vertically from a fixed support
Measure the spring’s natural length with no load
Attach a known mass to the spring
Measure the new length...
Average velocity = total displacement ÷ total time
Write the initial position and final position
Find displacement = final position − initial position
Find the total time...
Use the formula: wave speed = frequency × wavelength
Write it as: v = fλ
Measure the frequency in hertz (Hz)
Measure the wavelength in meters (m)
Multiply...
Speed = distance ÷ time
Measure the total distance traveled
Measure the total time taken
Divide distance by time
Use meters per second (m/s) or kilometers per hour...
Use the formula: mass = density × volume
Make sure density and volume are in compatible units
Multiply the density by the volume
Write the result in...
Use the formula: mass = density × volume
Multiply the density by the volume
Make sure the units are compatible
Common units:
density in g/cm³ and volume in...
Use the formula (E = hf)
(E) = energy of the photon
(h) = Planck’s constant ((6.626 times 10^{-34} text{J·s}))
(f) = frequency of the light
If wavelength...
Use the formula (E = hf)
Or use the formula (E = dfrac{hc}{lambda})
(E) = energy of the photon
(h) = Planck’s constant ((6.626 times 10^{-34} text{J·s}))
(f)...
Define the task or process clearly
Measure the output produced
Measure the input used
Use the formula: Efficiency = Output ÷ Input
Multiply by 100 to get a...
Use the formula (F_c = frac{mv^2}{r})
Identify the mass (m) of the object
Identify the speed (v) of the object
Identify the radius (r) of the circular...
