Use APA author–date style: (Author, Year) for in-text citations
For direct quotes: (Author, Year, p. PageNumber)
For paraphrases: (Author, Year)
Reference list entries start with the author’s last name, then initials
Use sentence case for titles (capitalize only the first word and proper nouns)
Italicize book and journal titles (not article titles)
Use a hanging indent for reference list entries
Book (print):
Author, A. A. (Year). *Title of book*. Publisher
Book (online):
Author, A. A. (Year). *Title of book*. Publisher. URL
Edited book:
Editor, A. A. (Ed.). (Year). *Title of book*. Publisher
Chapter in an edited book:
Author, A. A. (Year). Title of chapter. In E. E. Editor (Ed.), *Title of book* (pp. xx–xx). Publisher
Journal article (print or online):
Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Year). Title of article. *Title of Journal, Volume*(Issue), xx–xx. https://doi.org/xxxx
Journal article without DOI:
Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Year). Title of article. *Title of Journal, Volume*(Issue), xx–xx. URL
Webpage (group author):
Group Author. (Year, Month Day). Title of page. Site Name. URL
Webpage (individual author):
Author, A. A. (Year, Month Day). Title of page. Site Name. URL
Report (organization author):
Organization Name. (Year). *Title of report* (Report No. if available). Publisher/Organization. URL
Dissertation or thesis:
Author, A. A. (Year). Title of dissertation or thesis (Doctoral dissertation/Master’s thesis). University Name. URL
Conference paper:
Author, A. A. (Year). Title of paper. In E. E. Chair (Ed.), *Proceedings title* (pp. xx–xx). Publisher. URL/DOI
Film/Video:
Director, D. D. (Director). (Year). *Title of film* [Film]. Production Company. URL
Podcast episode:
Author/Host, A. A. (Host). (Year, Month Day). Title of episode [Audio podcast episode]. In *Podcast name*. Platform. URL
In-text citation with multiple authors:
2 authors: (Author & Author, Year)
3+ authors: (FirstAuthor et al., Year)
In-text citation for same author, same year:
(Author, Yeara) and (Author, Yearb)
In-text citation for corporate/group author:
(Group Author, Year)
Reference list order:
Alphabetize by author last name; if no author, alphabetize by title
Capitalization and punctuation basics:
Use “and” in reference list author lists; use “&” in reference list between two authors
Separate elements with periods; italicize journal/book titles; use sentence case for titles