Use the author’s last name and the page number in parentheses: (Smith 23)
If the source has two authors, include both last names: (Smith and Jones 45)
If the source has three or more authors, use the first author’s last name followed by et al.: (Smith et al. 12)
If there is no author, use a shortened version of the title in quotation marks: (“Article Title” 8)
If the author’s name is mentioned in the sentence, include only the page number in parentheses: Smith argues this point (23)
If there is no page number, use only the author’s last name: (Smith)
If the source has no page numbers, use a paragraph number, section number, or timestamp if available: (Smith par. 4)
Place the citation before the period at the end of the sentence
For a direct quote, include the citation immediately after the quote
For a long quote, place the citation after the closing punctuation of the quote block
Use the same format for print and online sources when page numbers are available
Cite every source used in your paper within the text and in the Works Cited page