Two authors: cite both surnames every time, joined by an ampersand in parentheses or “and” in narrative text
Example parenthetical: (Smith & Jones, 2020)
Example narrative: Smith and Jones (2020)
Three or more authors: use the first author’s surname followed by “et al.” from the first citation onward
Example: (Smith et al., 2020)
If citing multiple sources in one set of parentheses, list them alphabetically by first author’s surname
Separate multiple citations with semicolons
Example: (Brown, 2019; Smith & Jones, 2020; Taylor et al., 2021)
For direct quotations, include page number, paragraph number, or section name as required
Example: (Smith & Jones, 2020, p. 15)
For works with the same first author and same year, add letters to the year in both in-text citations and reference list
Example: (Smith et al., 2020a; Smith et al., 2020b)