Identify the measured quantity and its units
Determine the measurement method and instrument
Find the instrument resolution or least count
Estimate random uncertainty from repeated measurements
Compute the mean of repeated measurements
Compute the standard deviation of repeated measurements
Compute the standard error if using the mean
Determine systematic uncertainty from calibration or bias
Combine independent uncertainties using root-sum-square
Propagate uncertainty through calculations using partial derivatives
For addition or subtraction, add absolute uncertainties in quadrature
For multiplication or division, add relative uncertainties in quadrature
For powers, multiply relative uncertainty by the exponent
Report the final value with its uncertainty
Round the uncertainty to one or two significant figures
Round the measured value to the same decimal place as the uncertainty
State the confidence level if required
Verify units are consistent throughout the calculation