Measure the change in concentration of a reactant or product over time
Use the formula: rate = change in concentration ÷ change in time
For reactants, rate = −Δ[reactant] ÷ Δt
For products, rate = Δ[product] ÷ Δt
Use the balanced chemical equation to relate rates of different substances
Calculate the average rate over a time interval
Calculate the instantaneous rate from the slope of a concentration-time graph
Determine rate from the change in mass, volume, pressure, color intensity, or gas produced over time
Compare the amount of substance consumed or formed per unit time
Express the rate in appropriate units such as mol L⁻¹ s⁻¹