Start with the parent function y = cos(x)
Plot key points: (0, 1), (π/2, 0), (π, -1), (3π/2, 0), (2π, 1)
Draw a smooth wave through the points
Repeat the pattern every 2π units
Use amplitude to stretch or compress vertically
Use period to stretch or compress horizontally
Use phase shift to move the graph left or right
Use vertical shift to move the graph up or down
For y = a cos(b(x – c)) + d, identify a, b, c, and d
Amplitude = |a|
Period = 2π / |b|
Phase shift = c
Vertical shift = d
Adjust the key points based on transformations
Connect the transformed points with a smooth cosine curve