Pawn: move forward 1 square; on its first move, it may move forward 2 squares; capture one square diagonally forward
Rook: move any number of squares horizontally or vertically
Knight: move in an L-shape; 2 squares in one direction and 1 square perpendicular; can jump over pieces
Bishop: move any number of squares diagonally
Queen: move any number of squares horizontally, vertically, or diagonally
King: move 1 square in any direction
Castling: king moves 2 squares toward a rook, and the rook moves to the square next to the king
En passant: a pawn may capture an opposing pawn that advanced 2 squares as if it had moved only 1 square
Promotion: a pawn reaching the farthest rank must be promoted to another piece, usually a queen