Clear the area and remove loose debris around the hole
Cut back any crumbling edges to create a clean, square/straight opening
For drywall: use a utility knife or drywall saw to size the opening to fit a patch
For small holes (up to about 1/2 in / 1.3 cm): apply spackle or joint compound with a putty knife
For small holes (over about 1/2 in / 1.3 cm): use a self-adhesive mesh patch or a drywall patch kit
Position the mesh patch centered over the hole
Press the mesh firmly so it adheres tightly to the wall
Apply a thin layer of joint compound over the patch, feathering the edges outward
Let the compound dry fully
Apply a second thin coat, feathering wider than the first
Let dry fully
Lightly sand smooth with fine-grit sandpaper
Remove dust with a dry cloth or tack cloth
Apply a final thin skim coat if needed
Let dry, then sand again until flush
Prime the patched area if the wall is stained, glossy, or the patch shows through
Paint the wall to match surrounding finish
For plaster or larger holes: remove loose material, install backing or a support (wood furring or drywall backing), then screw a cut drywall piece in place
Tape seams (drywall tape) if multiple panels or edges are involved
Apply joint compound in coats, feathering and sanding between coats
Prime and paint to finish