Find the sample mean: x̄ = (Σx) / n
Subtract the mean from each data value: x – x̄
Square each difference: (x – x̄)²
Add all squared differences: Σ(x – x̄)²
Divide by n – 1
Use the formula: s² = Σ(x – x̄)² / (n – 1)
Find the sample mean: x̄ = (Σx) / n
Subtract the mean from each data value: x – x̄
Square each difference: (x – x̄)²
Add all squared differences: Σ(x – x̄)²
Divide by n – 1
Use the formula: s² = Σ(x – x̄)² / (n – 1)