Choose a composting method: backyard pile, bin, tumbler, or worm bin
Pick a location with good drainage, partial shade, and easy access
Gather materials: compost bin/tumbler (optional), pitchfork/shovel, gloves, and a moisture-measuring approach (squeeze test)
Collect “greens” (nitrogen-rich): fruit and vegetable scraps, coffee grounds, tea leaves, fresh plant trimmings
Collect “browns” (carbon-rich): dry leaves, straw, shredded cardboard/paper, wood chips
Start with a base layer of browns to improve airflow
Add a mix of materials in roughly equal volumes of greens and browns
Chop or shred larger scraps to speed up breakdown
Keep moisture like a wrung-out sponge (damp, not dripping)
Turn or mix regularly (more often for faster composting; less often for slower)
Monitor airflow and avoid compacting
Add browns if the pile smells or feels wet
Add greens if the pile is too dry or not heating
Avoid adding: meat, fish, dairy, oily foods, pet waste, diseased plants, weeds with seeds, and treated wood
Keep a lid on outdoor bins to reduce excess rain and pests
Harvest finished compost when it is dark, crumbly, and earthy-smelling
Use compost in beds, as a top-dressing, or in potting mixes (as directed for your plants)
Troubleshoot common issues:
Odor (sour/ammonia): add browns and increase aeration
Too dry: add water with greens or a small amount of kitchen scraps
Too wet/slimy: add browns and improve airflow/turning
No activity: add greens, check moisture, and increase mixing
Pests: bury scraps under browns and keep the bin closed