Use daily sunscreen SPF 30–50 (reapply every 2–3 hours when outdoors)
Choose a brightening product with one active:
Azelaic acid (10–20%)
Vitamin C (L-ascorbic acid or stable derivatives)
Niacinamide (4–5%)
Retinoid (adapalene or retinol)
Hydroquinone (only short-term under guidance, typically up to 8–12 weeks)
For stubborn spots, combine carefully (e.g., vitamin C AM + retinoid PM, or niacinamide with azelaic acid)
Apply at night: retinoid to help fade spots and improve skin texture
Treat active acne promptly to prevent new post-inflammatory dark spots
Consider chemical exfoliation 1–3x/week (choose one): glycolic acid, lactic acid, or salicylic acid
Use gentle cleanser and moisturizer; avoid harsh scrubs and over-exfoliation
Avoid picking, rubbing, or aggressive treatments that can worsen pigmentation
For faster results, consider in-office options:
Chemical peels (e.g., glycolic/salicylic)
Laser or IPL (for appropriate skin types)
Microneedling (often for texture + pigment support)
Prescription topical regimens (e.g., triple-combination creams)
Track progress and be patient: consistent use for 8–12 weeks (sometimes longer)
Patch test new products and introduce one active at a time
Seek dermatologist care if spots spread quickly, change color/shape, bleed, or don’t improve after 3–4 months