Use a detector that measures electron signals (e.g., electron detectors, scintillators, solid-state detectors)
Apply an electric and/or magnetic field to deflect electrons (e.g., electron beam in a CRT, magnetic spectrometer)
Use electron microscopy to observe electron behavior indirectly (e.g., SEM, TEM)
Use spectroscopy to infer electron energies and distributions (e.g., XPS for binding energies, UPS for valence states)
Measure currents and charge transport in circuits containing electron flow (e.g., current in conductors, semiconductors)
Use semiconductor device measurements (e.g., Hall effect to determine carrier type and density)
Perform electron spin measurements for spin-related electrons (e.g., ESR/EPR)
Use scattering methods to detect electrons in matter (e.g., electron scattering or Rutherford-type scattering variants)
Calibrate instruments with known electron sources (e.g., calibrated electron beams or electron-emitting standards)
Follow safety and radiation/laser/electrical safety procedures when using electron sources or high-voltage equipment