Use a daily broad-spectrum sunscreen SPF 30–50
Apply sunscreen every morning and reapply every 2–3 hours when outdoors
Choose skincare with ingredients for dark spots: hydroquinone (short-term), azelaic acid, niacinamide, vitamin C (ascorbic acid/derivatives), kojic acid, or retinoids
Start a retinoid at night (adapalene, tretinoin, or retinol) and increase frequency gradually
Add one active at a time to reduce irritation
Consider chemical exfoliants 1–3 times per week (glycolic acid, lactic acid, mandelic acid, or salicylic acid) based on skin tolerance
Use gentle cleanser and moisturizer daily
Avoid picking, scrubbing, and harsh exfoliation
Treat acne promptly to prevent post-inflammatory dark spots
For stubborn spots, consider in-office options: chemical peels, microneedling, laser, or IPL
If spots are from melasma or hormonal causes, use consistent sunscreen and discuss medical options with a dermatologist
Seek medical evaluation if spots change rapidly, have irregular borders, bleed, itch, or are very dark/uniform in a concerning way
Patch test new products and stop if significant irritation occurs