Dough has increased in volume by about 30–75%
Surface looks smoother, lighter, and slightly domed
Dough feels airy and jiggly when the bowl is moved
Small bubbles are visible along the sides or top
Dough passes the poke test with a slow, partial spring back
Dough is elastic but still extensible
Dough holds its shape better after folds
Dough feels lighter and less dense than at the start
Dough shows signs of fermentation activity without collapsing
Timing matches the recipe’s expected fermentation window