Start with the equals sign `=`
Use cell references instead of hardcoded values when possible
Combine values, operators, and functions as needed
Use arithmetic operators like `+`, `-`, `*`, `/`, and `^`
Use comparison operators like `=`, `>`, `<`, `>=`, `<=`, and `<>`
Use parentheses to control calculation order
Use built-in functions such as `SUM`, `AVERAGE`, `IF`, `COUNT`, and `VLOOKUP`
Separate function arguments with commas
Reference ranges with a colon, such as `A1:A10`
Use absolute references with `$` when copying formulas
Use mixed references when only part of a reference should stay fixed
Check formula results for errors and correct references
Copy formulas by dragging the fill handle or using paste
Use named ranges for easier-to-read formulas
Keep formulas simple and consistent
Test formulas on small data sets before using them broadly