Use broad-spectrum sunscreen SPF 30 or higher daily on exposed skin
Avoid picking, scratching, or rubbing dark spots
Use gentle cleansers and avoid harsh scrubs
Apply topical ingredients like niacinamide, vitamin C, azelaic acid, kojic acid, or retinoids
Moisturize regularly to support skin barrier repair
Exfoliate gently with chemical exfoliants like lactic acid or glycolic acid
Treat acne, eczema, or other skin conditions that cause discoloration
Reduce friction from tight clothing or repetitive rubbing
Consider prescription treatments such as hydroquinone, tretinoin, or combination creams
Ask a dermatologist about chemical peels, laser treatment, or microneedling
Patch test new products before full use
Use products consistently for several weeks to months
Seek medical advice if spots change shape, color, size, or bleed