Use Newton’s second law: F = m × a
Measure the mass in kilograms
Measure the acceleration in meters per second squared
Multiply mass by acceleration
Express the force in newtons (N)
If weight is needed, use F = m × g
Use g ≈ 9.8 m/s² near Earth’s surface
If force is from two charges, use Coulomb’s law: F = k × q1 × q2 / r²
If force is gravitational between two masses, use F = G × m1 × m2 / r²
If force is spring force, use Hooke’s law: F = k × x