Place the abstract on a separate page after the title page
Center and bold the heading Abstract at the top of the page
Use a single paragraph with no indentation
Keep the abstract between 150 and 250 words unless your instructor or journal specifies otherwise
Summarize the main purpose of the study
Briefly describe the participants, methods, and design
State the key results or findings
Include the main conclusion or implications
Use clear, concise, and objective language
Avoid citations, quotations, tables, figures, and unnecessary details
Use keywords only if required by the assignment or publication guidelines
Align the abstract with APA formatting requirements for font, spacing, and margins