Helicobacter pylori infection
Long-term use of NSAIDs such as ibuprofen, naproxen, or aspirin
Smoking
Heavy alcohol use
Severe physical stress from major illness, injury, or surgery
Excess stomach acid
Zollinger-Ellison syndrome
Family history of peptic ulcers
Older age
Previous history of ulcers
Use of corticosteroids with NSAIDs
Poorly managed chronic medical conditions
Radiation therapy to the stomach area
Crohn’s disease
Inflammatory conditions affecting the digestive tract